Book 14
Programming Languages
The languages developers write in, what each one is known for, and where you are most likely to meet it.
Contents
- 01Assembly Language1Assembly language is a low-level language whose instructions map almost one-to-one onto a processor's machine code, written as short mnemonics like mov and add.
- 02BashBourne Again Shell2Bash is a Unix shell and scripting language, the default on most Linux systems, used both to type commands interactively and to automate tasks with scripts.
- 03C3C is a compiled, low-level programming language that gives direct control over memory and is used to build operating systems, drivers, and embedded software.
- 04C#4C# is a statically typed, object-oriented language that runs on the .NET runtime with garbage collection and is used for web backends, desktop apps, and games.
- 05C++5C++ is a compiled, statically typed language that extends C with classes and templates while keeping low-level control over memory and performance.
- 06Clojure6Clojure is a modern, dynamic dialect of Lisp that runs on the JVM, emphasizing immutable data, functional programming and interactive, REPL-driven development.
- 07COBOLCommon Business-Oriented Language7COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is a language from 1959 for business data processing that still runs critical banking and government systems.
- 08Dart8Dart is a statically typed, garbage-collected language from Google that compiles to native code and JavaScript, best known as the language of Flutter apps.
- 09Elixir9Elixir is a dynamic, functional language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine and is known for building fault-tolerant, highly concurrent systems.
- 10Erlang10Erlang is a functional language created at Ericsson for telecom switches, designed for massive concurrency, fault tolerance and systems that must keep running.
- 11F#11F# is a functional-first, statically typed language for .NET that pairs concise, type-inferred code with full access to the .NET ecosystem and C# libraries.
- 12FortranFormula Translation12Fortran is the first widely used high-level language, created at IBM in 1957 for science and engineering and still used in high-performance computing.
- 13Go13Go is a compiled, statically typed language built for simplicity and fast builds, with garbage collection and built-in concurrency through goroutines.
- 14Haskell14Haskell is a purely functional, statically typed language with lazy evaluation, known for its expressive type system and mathematically precise code.
- 15Java15Java is a statically typed, object-oriented programming language that compiles to bytecode for the Java Virtual Machine, so programs run on many platforms.
- 16Julia16Julia is a high-level, dynamically typed language for scientific and numerical computing, designed to be as easy to write as Python and as fast as C.
- 17JVMJava Virtual Machine17The JVM runs Java bytecode, so the same compiled program works on any operating system; Kotlin, Scala and Clojure compile to that bytecode too.
- 18Kotlin18Kotlin is a concise, statically typed language that runs on the JVM, works seamlessly with Java, and is widely used for Android and server-side development.
- 19Lua19Lua is a small, fast scripting language designed to be embedded in other applications, making it popular for game scripting, plugins and configuration.
- 20MATLABMatrix Laboratory20MATLAB is a matrix-based language and environment from MathWorks for numerical computing, used by engineers and scientists for data analysis and simulation.
- 21Objective-C21Objective-C is an object-oriented superset of C with Smalltalk-style messaging, and it was the main language for macOS and iOS apps before Swift arrived.
- 22Perl22Perl is a mature, dynamic scripting language famous for text processing and built-in regular expressions, long used for system administration and web scripts.
- 23PHPPHP: Hypertext Preprocessor23PHP is a dynamically typed scripting language designed for web development that runs on the server to generate HTML pages and respond to browser requests.
- 24PowerShell24PowerShell is Microsoft's command-line shell and scripting language for automating administration, passing objects rather than plain text between commands.
- 25Programming Language25A programming language is a formal language with exact rules for writing instructions a computer can carry out, such as Python, JavaScript, Java or C.
- 26Python26Python is a general-purpose, dynamically typed programming language known for readable syntax and wide use in data science, automation, and web backends.
- 27R27R is a programming language and environment for statistics and data analysis, widely used in research for data visualization, statistical models and reports.
- 28Ruby28Ruby is a dynamic, object-oriented programming language designed for developer happiness, best known for readable syntax and the Ruby on Rails web framework.
- 29Rust29Rust is a compiled, statically typed systems language that provides memory safety without a garbage collector by checking ownership rules at compile time.
- 30Scala30Scala is a statically typed JVM language that combines object-oriented and functional programming and is widely used for data engineering and backend systems.
- 31Swift31Swift is a compiled, statically typed language designed for safety and speed, used mainly to build apps for iPhone, iPad, Mac, and other Apple platforms.
- 32Visual Basic32Visual Basic is Microsoft's family of beginner-friendly languages, including classic Visual Basic, VB.NET and VBA, which automates Office apps with macros.
- 33Zig33Zig is a low-level systems programming language that aims to be a simpler, safer successor to C, with manual memory management and no hidden control flow.